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¡¡¡¡A

¡¡¡¡The British National Health Service (NHS) was set up in 1948 and was designed to provide equal basic health care, free of charge, for everybody in the country. Before this time health care had to be paid for by individuals.

¡¡¡¡Nowadays central government is directly responsible for the NHS although it is administered by local health authorities.About 83 percent of the cost of the health service is paid for by general taxa-tion and the rest is met from the National Insurance contributions paid by those in work.There are charges for prescription and dental care but many people, such as children, pregnant women,, pen-sioners, and those on Income Support, are exempt from payment.

¡¡¡¡Most people are registered with a local doctor (a GP, or General Practitioner) who is increas-ingly likely to be part of a health centre which serves the community.

¡¡¡¡As the population of Britain gets older, the hospital service now treats more patients than be-fore, although patients spend less time in hospital.NHS hospitals--many of which were built in the nineteenth century--provide nearly half a million beds and have over 480, 000 medical staff. The NHS is the biggest employer in Europe although Britain actually spends less per person on health care than most of her European neighbours.

¡¡¡¡During the 1980s there was considerable restructuring of the Health Service with an increased emphasis on managerial efficiency and the privatization of some services (for example, cleaning).At the end of the 1980s the government introduced proposals for further reform of the NHS, including allowing some hospitals to be self-governing, and encouraging GPs to compete for patients.Patients would be able to choose and change their family doctor more easily and GPs would have more finan-cial responsibility.The political questions continue of how much money should be provided to support the NHS and where it should come from.

¡¡¡¡41. We can know from the first paragraph that__________.

¡¡¡¡A. the original aim of the NHS was to provide equal basic health care for everybody

¡¡¡¡B. people didn't have to pay for health care since the NHS was set up

¡¡¡¡C. patients were charged for receiving health care before 1948

¡¡¡¡D. the NHS was an organization which gave free advice to villagers

¡¡¡¡42. What do we know about the NHS?

¡¡¡¡A. It's managed by the central government

¡¡¡¡B. Its cost is mainly paid for by the National Insurance contributions

¡¡¡¡C. It hires more people than any other unit in Europe

¡¡¡¡D. Fewer patients go to its hospitals than before because they spend less on health care

¡¡¡¡43. All the following statements about GPs are true except that they__________.

¡¡¡¡A. take care of the local people's health

¡¡¡¡B. often take part in competitions to see who is the best

¡¡¡¡C. work under high pressure nowadays

¡¡¡¡D. have more responsibilities than before

¡¡¡¡44. What does the underlined word "exempt" probably meang.

¡¡¡¡A. Suffering.

¡¡¡¡B. Different.

¡¡¡¡C. Prevented.

¡¡¡¡D. Free.

¡¡¡¡45. The biggest problem for the NHS is__________.

¡¡¡¡A. many hospitals are too old to be used

¡¡¡¡B. some services are in the charge of individuals

¡¡¡¡C. more and more patients go to GPs for treatment

¡¡¡¡D. there is not enough money for further reform

¡¡¡¡B

¡¡¡¡So long as teachers fail to distinguish between teaching and learning, they will continue to un-dertake to do for children that which only children can do for themselves.Teaching children to read is not passing reading on to them. It is certainly not endless hours spent in activities about reading.

¡¡¡¡Douglas insists that "reading eannot be taught directly and schools should stop trying to do the im-possible".

¡¡¡¡Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes.They differ in kind and function.The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read.Teaching is also public activity.It can be seen and observed.

¡¡¡¡Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the world of printed lan-guage.Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to public scrutiny.

¡¡¡¡If teacher and learner roles are not interchangeable, what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in the quest (̽Ë÷)for knowledge? Smith has one principal rule for all teaching instruetions."Make learning to read easy, which means making reading a meaningful, en-joyable and frequent experience for children."

¡¡¡¡When the roles of teacher and learner are seen for what they are, and when both teacher and learner fulfill them appropriately, then much of the pressure and feeling of failure for both is elimina-ted.Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of leaning to read by reading.

¡¡¡¡46. The problem with the reading course as mentioned in the first paragraph is that__________.

¡¡¡¡A. it is one of the most difficult school courses

¡¡¡¡B. students spend endless hours in reading

¡¡¡¡C. reading tasks are assigned with little guidance

¡¡¡¡D. too much time is spent in teaching about reading

¡¡¡¡47. The teaching of reading will be successful if__________.

¡¡¡¡A. teachers can improve conditions at school for the students

¡¡¡¡B. teachers can enable students to develop their own way of reading

¡¡¡¡C. teachers can devise the most efficient system for reading

¡¡¡¡D. teachers can make their teaching activities observable

¡¡¡¡48. The underlined word "scrutiny" most probably means__________.

¡¡¡¡A. inquiry

¡¡¡¡B. observation

¡¡¡¡C. control

¡¡¡¡D. suspicion

¡¡¡¡49. According to the passage, learning to read will no longer be a difficult task when__________.

¡¡¡¡A. children become highly motivated

¡¡¡¡B. teacher and learner roles are interchangeable

¡¡¡¡C. teaching helps children in the search for knowledge

¡¡¡¡D. reading enriches children's experience

¡¡¡¡50. The main idea of the passage is that__________.

¡¡¡¡A. teachers should do as little as possible in helping students learn to read

¡¡¡¡B. teachers should encourage students to read as widely as possible

¡¡¡¡C. reading ability is something acquired rather than taught

¡¡¡¡D. reading is more complicated that generally believed
 

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